Volume 40,Issue 7,2024 Table of Contents

1 Protective Effects of Oxygen-rich Water on Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels in Mice with Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia

WU Yongkang , XU Liang , HUANG Luoyang , GAO Hong , MA Sheng , YANG Dongmei , LI Bin , HUANG Yina

2024, 40(7):1-7. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0785

[Abstract](224) [HTML](2208) [PDF 3.65 M](2280)

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The effects of oxygen-rich water on blood glucose and lipid levels in mouse models of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia were investigated. The hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia models were constructed by feeding SPF adult male Kunming mice a high-sugar and high-fat diet and administering an intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The models were separately treated with sterile drinking water, oxygen-rich water, and metformin for 30 days. During the intervention, the body weight, water intake, and food consumption were measured at regular intervals. The fasting blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were measured before the mice were euthanized. In addition, the relevant organ and fat indices were calculated, and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined. The liver glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. Furthermore, histopathological changes in the liver were observed. The results revealed that compared with the control model group, the experimental group treated with oxygen-rich water demonstrated significant reductions (P<0.05) in water intake, food intake, fasting blood glucose levels, and area under the oral glucose tolerance curve. In particular, the fasting blood glucose levels equaled 8.36 mmol/L, with a decrease of 31%, while the rest of the indicators did not change significantly (P>0.05). In conclusion, oxygen-rich water has an ameliorating effect on abnormal blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic model mice; at the same time, it does not increase the oxidative stress levels in mice. The findings of this study provide new insights and references for adjunctive hypoglycemic strategies from the perspective of food.

2 Comparison on the Inhibitory Effects of Several Chemically Modified Intracellular Polysaccharides from Phaeodactylum tricornutum against the Proliferation of Hela cells

SUN Han , LIU Song , NING Ziyue , YU Xingshan , WANG Ya , WU Haozhuo , ZANG Ying , LI Mei , LIANG Zhongwen , LIU Hongquan

2024, 40(7):8-16. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0935

[Abstract](88) [HTML](2164) [PDF 2.28 M](2238)

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In order to explore the effect of chemical modification on the inhibitory effect of intracellular polysaccharides of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PTP) on the proliferation of cervical cancer Hela cells, in this study, the PTP was extracted by the ultrasound-assisted wall-breaking method combined with the hot water extraction method. Four types of chemical modification (sulfation modification, phosphorylation modification, acetylation modification and carboxymethylation modification) were carried out on the PTP. The inhibitory effects of the initial PTP, sulfated polysaccharide (S-PTP), phosphorylated polysaccharide (P-PTP), acetylated polysaccharide (A-PTP) and carboxymethylated polysaccharide (C-PTP) on the proliferation of cervical cancer Hela cells were studied. The results showed that the degree of substitution of the S-PTP was 0.714, and the inhibitory effect of S-PTP on the proliferation rate of Hela cells could be up to 9.22% higher than that of PTP. The degree of substitution of P-PTP was 0.191, and the inhibitory effect of P-PTP on the proliferation rate of Hela cells could be up to 4.01% higher than that of PTP. The degree of substitution of acetylated polysaccharide A-PTP was 0.513, and the inhibitory effect of P-PTP on the proliferation rate of Hela cells could be up to 13.53% higher than that of PTP. The degree of substitution of C-PTP was 0.915, and the inhibitory effect of C-PTP on the proliferation rate of Hela cells could be up to 8.39% higher than that of PTP. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of four modified polysaccharides on the proliferation of Hela cells were all greater than that of PTP. Acetylation modification had the greatest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of Hela cells. Compared with PTP, the inhibitory effect of A-PTP against the proliferation rate of cervical cancer Hela cells was increased by 13.53%, reaching 46.05%. Through the experiments of chemical modification of PTP, it was proven that the introduction of a new chemical group into the molecular structure of PTP can lead to a great influence on the inhibition of cervical cancer cell proliferation. This result provides an important reference for further study on the biological activity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and an experimental basis for subsequent drug research and development.

3 Effects of Inulin on Redox Status and Intestinal Microflora in Mouse Models of Eczema

LAN Danyu , XIE Xiaoping , MO Ling , LI Jingjing

2024, 40(7):17-23. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0857

[Abstract](89) [HTML](2182) [PDF 4.75 M](2226)

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To explore the impact of inulin on the redox status and intestinal flora in mouse models of eczema, we utilized thirty male Kunming mice. These mice were randomly assigned to the control, model, and high- and low-dose inulin treatment groups, with interventions of varying insulin doses administered accordingly. Except for the control group, each group was sensitized with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to establish eczema models. Inulin was added into the feed at mass fractions of 5% and 20% for high-and low-dose groups, respectively, for four weeks. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in the skin and colon. The activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in spleen and thymus were determined using biochemical methods. Feces were collected for 16S rRNA highthroughput sequencing to analyze the composition of gut microbiota in mice. The pathological results indicated that the changes in the skin and colon in mice were alleviated after inulin intervention. Comparison of the treatment groups with the model group revealed that inulin at a high dose significantly increased T-SOD and reduced MDA content in spleen and thymus (P<0.05). In addition, the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum, and Olsenella in the low-dose group increased considerably (P<0.05), and the abundance of Allobaculum in the high-dose group increased significantly (P<0.05). Inulin at both low and high doses significantly reduced the abundance of Enterococcus. In short, inulin can effectively improve eczema by regulating gut microbiota and improving antioxidant capacity.

4 Hypoglycemic Effects of Ginseng α-Amylase Inhibitory Peptides

YANG Wen , ZOU Jiaqi , LIU Shengnan , LIU Shiwei , XUE Tingfang , MENG Xingjian , YU Lei , ZHAN Xiaofeng , BI Yunfeng

2024, 40(7):24-34. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0397

[Abstract](69) [HTML](2171) [PDF 3.76 M](2224)

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Mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were constructed using a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After successful modeling, T2DM mice were treated with drugs for four consecutive weeks. The body weight, organ index, blood glucose level, blood lipid level, hepatic oxidative stress response, and pathology test results of the liver were used as reference indicators to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of ginseng α-amylase inhibitory peptides on T2DM mice. The results showed that the acarbose positive group and the ginseng α-amylase inhibitory peptide groups (regardless of the dose) exhibited improvement and regulatory effects of different degrees in the body weight loss and hyperglycemia in mice. Furthermore, the effects were more obvious as the dose increased. Therefore, it was concluded that ginseng α-amylase inhibitory peptides have hypoglycemic effects on T2DM mice at all doses tested. After four weeks of treatment, the blood glucose level in the high-dose group decreased from 15.43 mmol/L right after modeling to 12.10 mmol/L. Similarly, the level in the acarbose-positive group declined from 15.71 mmol/L after modeling to 10.17 mmol/L. In addition, liver injury in both groups was less severe, indicating that a high dose of ginseng α-amylase inhibitory peptides could provide significant protection against T2DM-induced liver injury (P<0.01). Hence, ginseng α-amylase inhibitory peptides were confirmed to have hypoglycemic effects proving their potential as dietary supplements or supplementary products for the treatment of T2DM.

5 Effects of Probiotic Fermented Tomato Juice on Antialcoholism and Liver Protection in Alcohol-intoxicated Mice

HAN Ziwei , ZHAO Dou , MA Ziqiang , QIU Yan

2024, 40(7):35-43. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0795

[Abstract](105) [HTML](2163) [PDF 4.73 M](2250)

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The efficacy and mechanisms of probiotic fermented tomato juice (PFTJ) in mitigating the impact of alcohol, and its ability to protect the liver were examined. The effects of different doses of PFTJ on the time taken by mice to sober up and on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in mice were analyzed using mouse models of acute alcohol intoxication. In the meantime, models of chronic alcohol intoxication were established to investigate the effects of PFTJ on the liver function indicators and lipid metabolism indicators in serum as well as the antioxidant indicators in liver tissue of mice. In addition, histopathological analysis was conducted. The results showed that PFTJ significantly shortened the time taken by mice to sober up and improved ADH activity in acute alcohol intoxication models. Compared with those of the model group, the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decreaseds by 24.87% and 26.65%, respectively (P<0.05), and the levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) reduced to 0.58 mmol/L and 1.21 mmol/L, respectively, in the high-dose group (15 mL/kg). The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue increased by 17.05% and 22.91%, respectively (P<0.05), while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) declined by 34.69% (P<0.05). The administration of 15 mL/kg PFTJ remarkably relieved liver cell swelling and steatosis in the mouse models. In conclusion, PFTJ can increase ADH activity to accelerate ethanol metabolism and enhance activities of antioxidant enzymes to eliminate free radicals in the liver and restore lipid metabolism. Therefore, PFTJ has the potential to become a new functional food for sobering up and liver protection.

6 Comparative Analysis of the Anthocyanin Composition and Contents of Four Potato Varieties with Colored Flesh

LI Huawei , LUO Wenbin , LI Guoliang , XU Guochun , XU Yongqing , JI Rongchang , LIN Zhaomiao , ZHANG Hong , QIU Yongxiang , QIU Sixin , TANG Hao

2024, 40(7):44-52. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0788

[Abstract](86) [HTML](2174) [PDF 2.49 M](2210)

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In order to clarify the differences in anthocyanin components and contents of new potato varieties with colored flesh, Mincaishu 1, Mincaishu 2, Mincaishu 3 and Mincaishu 4, and provide a foundation for the screening, and cultivation of novel cultivars and the development and application of anthocyanins. Qualitative and comparative analyses of the anthocyanin components in the tubers were conducted by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results showed that there were fourteen anthocyanin monomers in the four cultivars, among which, Mincaishu No. 1 contained six types of monomers, Mincaishu No. 2 had nine types of monomers, and Mincaishu No.3 contained ten types of monomers. The main anthocyanin components of the three purple-fleshed potatoes were delphinidin 3-p-coumaroylrutionoside-5-glucoside and peonidin 3-p-feruloylrutinoside-5-glucoside. Mincaishu No.4 contained five types of anthocyanin components, with cyanidin 3-rutinoside and pelargonidin 3-p-coumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside were the main components. There were significant differences in the anthocyanin components between the purple-fleshed potato and the red-fleshed potato. The anthocyanin contents in the four potato varieties with colored flesh were 139.77, 95.48, 78.08 and 67.25 mg/100 g FW, respectively, indicating the vast differences among the varieties. The four varieties contained all the six fundamental anthocyanin aglycones and their anthocyanin structures were relatively stable, which can serve as important raw materials of natural pigments and as the parent materials for hybrid breeding.

7 Comparative Proteomics Analysis Between Biofilms and Planktonic Cells of Yersinia enterocolitica

XU Tianxiang , LIU Ming , DING Yu , WU Qingping , ZHANG Jumei , WANG Zimeng , WANG Juan

2024, 40(7):53-63. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0868

[Abstract](61) [HTML](2169) [PDF 3.50 M](2200)

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Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram-negative foodborne pathogen that can form biofilms on the surfaces of food and food processing equipment. Biofilms can enhance strain viability and affect food safety. In this study, Y. enterocolitica strain C1967-1 isolated from quick-frozen food, which has a strong ability to form biofilms, was evaluated. Proteomics analysis was used to analyze the differences in protein expression between the biofilms and planktonic bacteria. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis demonstrated that, among the top nine GO categories with the highest degree of enrichment, seven showed downregulation trends in biofilms. Only GO:0046873 (metal ion transmembrane transporter activity) did not show significant upregulation or downregulation trends in biofilms. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment results suggested that the top 20 KEGG pathways with the highest degree of enrichment mainly involved metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. The subcellular localization analysis results revealed that 45.65% of differential proteins were located in the cytoplasm. The upregulated protein MgtA of the biofilm was selected from GO:0046873, and the gene mgtA was knocked out to further verify the proteomics data. The results indicated that the knockout of mgtA did not inhibit strain growth. However, the biofilm amount of ΔmgtA was reduced by approximately 80%, and the structure of the biofilm was loosened. In summary, these results provide an important theoretical basis for the biofilm formation mechanism of Y. enterocolitica and the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation in the food industry.

8 Antioxidant Activity of Tremella Polysaccharide and Its Effect on Fibroblast Protein Gene Expression

CHEN Jianfang , LIU Sisi , ZHANG Tonghe , HUANG Li , ZHU Xiaohua , HUANG Ruqiang

2024, 40(7):64-71. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0651

[Abstract](72) [HTML](2184) [PDF 2.28 M](2216)

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Tremella polysaccharide is the main active substance in Tremella, possessing various functions such as antioxidant and anti-aging effects. The widely occurring chemical contaminant in the environment, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), can be absorbed through the skin and metabolized, thereby posing a risk of carcinogenicity. In this experiment, the antioxidant activity of crude Tremella polysaccharide was measured in vitro, and then cellular assays were conducted to determine the changes in mRNA expression of collagen (Collagen I, Collagen III), Elastin and matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) in fibroblasts under the combined effect of BaP and Tremella polysaccharide, along with the protein content of Collagen I. The anti-aging effect of polysaccharides was also determined. It was found that Tremella polysaccharide had good in vitro antioxidant activity with the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging rate of 70.28%, DPPH scavenging rate of 50.10% and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of 32.69%. Tremella polysaccharide only at 0.1 μg/mL could effectively inhibit the stimulation of related gene expression by BaP at 20 μmol/L (P<0.05). The expression of Collagen I, Collagen III and Elastin genes increased in a polysaccharide concentration-dependent manner. Under BaP exposure, although collagen gene expression increased to 1.26-fold, the heavily expressed MMP-1 caused the degradation of collagen, therefore, under the effect of Tremella polysaccharide, the content of Collagen-1 decreased to 3.06 μg/L (which was lower than the value of the blank control: 3.48 μg/L). The results indicated that Tremella polysaccharide could effectively inhibit the BaP-induced damage to cells and promote the expression of cell genes (on which the concentration had an important influence).

9 Comparison of Microbial Community Structures and Functional Characteristics in High-temperature Daqu Fermented from Wheat Ground to Different Degrees

YANG Yang , ZHANG Rui , YU Hui , LIU Wenhu , ZHANG Liqiang , RAN Maofang , SHEN Caihong , WANG Songtao

2024, 40(7):72-80. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0912

[Abstract](73) [HTML](2172) [PDF 10.45 M](2206)

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Wheat ground to different degrees was fermented in high-temperature Daqu (HT-Daqu) to evaluate the effects of grinding on fermentation and the maturity ratio. After fermentation, the microbial community structures and functional characteristics of three categories (black, yellow, and white) of HT-Daqu were analyzed via metagenomic sequencing. The temperature of the low-grinding-degree group reached 60 ℃ in the shortest time, with time gaps observed in three temperature rises with no prolonged overheating. Yellow Daqu accounted for 82.37% of the mature Daqu in this group, which was the highest ratio among the three groups with different grinding degrees. The total relative abundance of major bacteria in black and yellow Daqu of the high-grinding-degree group was more than 28.95%, which was higher than that in the other two groups. Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Paecilomyces, and Talaromyces dominated the microbial community in the medium- and low-grinding-degree groups, accounting for more than 73.95% of the total, significantly higher than the highgrinding-degree group. The genes of glycoside hydrolases in black and yellow Daqu were mainly contributed by Eurotiales including Rasamsonia, Aspergillus, and Paecilomyces (46.78%~62.33%), while those in white Daqu were found to be mainly derived from Saccharopolyspora. These results demonstrate the importance of the grinding degree of wheat on the quality of Daqu and identifies the microbial sources of genes encoding different carbohydrate-active enzymes. The findings have a practical significance for understanding the fermentation of HT-Daqu comprehensively and guiding the production of HTDaqu scientifically.

10 Enzymatic Characterization of Pectinex XXL, a Pectinase Produced by Aspergillus niger, and Its Application in Fruit Juice Production

ZHU Furong , LIANG Xiaomei , WEI Zhifu , LI Li , HE Fengyuan , CHENG Zhong

2024, 40(7):81-88. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0765

[Abstract](47) [HTML](2174) [PDF 1.81 M](2228)

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Pectinex XXL, a commercially prepared pectinase, was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry. Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pectinex XXL using the DNS method. According to the results, the optimal pH for Pectinex XXL activity was 4.5, and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0~4.5. The optimal pH and pH stability range are consistent with those of some tropical and subtropical fruits. The optimal temperature for Pectinex XXL activity was 60 ℃, and the enzyme remained stable after one hour in a water bath set at 40 ℃. Additionally, the enzymatic activity was not inhibited in the presence of 1 mmol/L of Na+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+, whereas it was slightly inhibited in the presence of 2 mmol/L of K+ and Fe2+ and partially inhibited in the presence of 1 and 2 mmol/L of Ca2+ and Mn2+, demonstrating its good stability in acids and excellent thermal catalytic performance. Based on the above experimental results, depectinization experiments were performed on plantain and cherry tomato juices using different amounts of Pectinex XXL. After one hour reaction with 16 U/mL of the enzyme, the yields of the plantain and cherry tomato juices were substantially increased by 119.03% and 15.97%, respectively, while their light transmittance was remarkably enhanced by 37.65% and 12.35%, respectively. Furthermore, the enzyme reduced the viscosity of the plantain and cherry tomato juices by 88.29% and 29.50%, respectively. The juice production experiments confirmed that this enzyme can significantly improve the yield and light transmittance of plantain juice, while effectively reducing its viscosity. These findings indicate the potential of Pectinex XXL in the industrial production of plantain juice.

11 Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Properties and Fish Preservation Performance of Chitosan/Cinnamaldehyde Composite Films

DONG Junli , YU Dawei , ZHANG Liming , XU Yanshun , JIANG Qixing , XIA Wenshui

2024, 40(7):89-98. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0898

[Abstract](84) [HTML](2171) [PDF 10.35 M](2247)

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The effects of various concentrations of tea polyphenols on the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) preservation capabilities of chitosan cross-linked by Maillard reaction/alginate dialdehyde-cinnamaldehyde/chitosan-tea polyphenol (CMR/ADA-CA/CS-TP) trilayer composite films were investigated. The cross-linked CS layer was first prepared using the Maillard reaction. ADA-CA and CS-TP layers were then formed by layer-by-layer casting, followed by drying. With increasing TP concentration, the film color intensified and its transmittance reduced. The tensile strength of film with a TP mass fraction of 0.04% increased to 31.22 MPa, whereas elongation at film break point was 19.59%~22.44%. In contrast, the barrier performances of the film against water vapor and oxygen declined. As the TP mass fraction reached 0.08%, the DPPH scavenging ability of the film increased to 98.12%. Compared with the control, total viable counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli decreased by 56.44% and 56.29% after 24 h of culture. Furthermore, on day 8 of storage, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and total viable counts in fish wrapped with active film decreased by 45.7%, 50.7%, and 2.33 log•CFU/g, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, a TP mass fraction of 0.06% yielded the best overall performance of the film. This film additive could prolong the shelf life of fish and offers strong potential to be used as active packaging to preserve perishable food.

12 Post-harvest Quality Changes in Fresh Lotus Seed Treated with Methyl Jasmonate

LI Juanjuan , LI Mengdie , XIE Xiangru , DAI Yujun

2024, 40(7):99-105. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0621

[Abstract](70) [HTML](2181) [PDF 4.10 M](2218)

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To investigate the effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the post-harvest quality of fresh lotus seed, MeJA (100 μmol/L) was used to soak the fresh lotus seed with water as the control. The changes in the color difference (L*, a*, b*), nutrient content (starch, soluble sugar), and other physiological and biochemical indexes (weight loss rate, total phenol content, malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, polyphenol oxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity and peroxidase activity) were compared every 2 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the MeJA treatment effectively maintained the postharvest color of fresh lotus seed. After 8 days of storage, compared with the control group, the MeJA-treated group had a lower weight loss rate (decreased by 33.84%), and higher starch content (increased by 38.34 mg/g), higher soluble sugar content (increased by 70.58 mg/g), along with a reduced total phenol content, suppressed PPO activity, MDA content and H2O2 accumulation, and enhanced SOD, CAT and POD activities. The above results revealed that the MeJA treatment could delay the post-harvest quality decline of fresh lotus seed through reducing material consumption, maintaining starch and soluble sugar contents, reducing the oxidation of phenols, improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as maintaining the cell membrane integrity, thereby prolonging their shelf life.

13 Improvement and Application of Atomization and Fumigation Equipment for Preservation of Fresh Apricots in Xinjiang

TIAN Quanming , CAO Zhen , YIN Beibei , WANG Chengwei , WEI Jia , WU Bin

2024, 40(7):106-117. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0851

[Abstract](41) [HTML](2174) [PDF 4.60 M](2212)

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Based on industrial atomization devices, the efficiency of atomization and fumigation has been improved through hardware and software modifications and process design of atomization and fumigation equipment. By adding three sets of medicine and fumigant boxes and introducing a high-pressure atomization machine and an ultramicro-atomization nozzle, the diversity of the atomization and fumigation options was increased and the automatic proportioning of fumigants (ratio ranges of 1:1-1:200) was achieved. The optimal pressure of the high-pressure atomization machine 5.0 MPa, whereas the optimal mode was intermittent atomization for 75 s when an acrylic fumigation box was used. In a storage warehouse of 550 m3, the optimal pressure for the high-pressure atomization machine was 6.5 MPa, whereas the optimal operation mode was continuous atomization for 7 min, followed by natural precipitation of the fumigant natural for 3 min. The ultramicroatomization nozzles were installed at 1 m intervals and the placement area of the specimens for atomization and fumigation were located 50 cm away from the wall of the warehouse and vertically 0.5~1.0 m below the ultramicro-atomization nozzles. Fumigation treatment with 40 mmol/L salicylate (SA) was effective in maintaining the storage quality of ‘Xiaobai’ and ‘Saimaiti’ apricots. At the end of the 7 day storage period, firmness of ‘Xiaobai’ apricots was 8.72 N, whereas the soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acid (TA) contents were 15.9% and 0.49%, respectively, representing 1.66-, 1.10-, and 1.58-fold increase compared to those of the control group, respectively. The decay rate was 0 after treatment with 40 mmol/L SA. The firmness of the Saimaiti apricots was 9.01 N, whereas TSS and TA contents were 13.5% and 0.67%, respectively (1.57-, 1.69-, and 1.60-fold higher than those of the control group, respectively). The decay rate was also 0 for Saimaiti apricots fumigated using SA. These results provide insights and technical support for the application of atomization and fumigation technologies in the storage and preservation of fresh apricots.

14 Comparison of in Vitro Digestibility of Fish Oil Emulsions with Different EPA/DHA Compositions

ZHENG Jianan , LIU Lin , ZHANG Yousheng , ZHANG Yehui , ZHAO Tiantian , SU Jianyu , JIAO Wenjuan , HUANG Wen

2024, 40(7):118-127. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0895

[Abstract](79) [HTML](2177) [PDF 4.13 M](2225)

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To investigate the in vitro digestive properties of fish oil with different proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), based on an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model (GIT), O/W fish oil emulsions with different ratios of EPA/DHA (5.13, 2.45, and 1.34) were prepared. The changes in the particle size, ζ-potential, and microstructure during digestion, as well as the release behavior of fatty acids during digestion in the small intestinal, were investigated. The results showed similar variation trends for fish oil emulsions with different EPA/DHA ratios. Despite this, each emulsion exhibited unique digestive characteristics. Specifically, all three initial emulsions showed higher stability, with strong negative charges, ranging from -40.02 to -43.77 mV, as well as relatively uniform particle size distributions (0.1-1.0 μm). After oral and gastric digestion, the absolute value of charge of each system decreased significantly (P<0.05), exposing the inner lipid phase. In addition, particle size was found to follow a multi-peak distribution and was mainly concentrated in the range of 10~100 μm. During small intestine digestion, the particle size of each system decreased significantly to 8-13 μm (P<0.05). The release of the free fatty acids (FFA) was 103.21% (EPA/DHA ratio of 5.13), 73.54% (EPA/DHA ratio of 2.45), and 62.51% ((EPA/DHA ratio of 1.34). These results suggest that the relative proportion of EPA and DHA is an important factor influencing fish oil emulsion digestion. This study provides a basis for the determination of the recommended daily EPA and DHA-rich marine lipid intake and the design of fish oil delivery systems.

15 Properties of Insoluble Dietary Fibers from Sweet Potato Leaves before and after Modification

WANG Yihan , LIU Rong , ZHU Juan , CHEN Lili , QU Wenxin

2024, 40(7):128-136. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0885

[Abstract](65) [HTML](2165) [PDF 4.13 M](2229)

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Insoluble dietary fibers (IDFs) were extracted from sweet potato leaves and modified by physical crushing or using an acid, alkali-hydrogen peroxide, and cellulases. The modified samples were characterized, and changes in their physical and chemical properties were evaluated. The effects of different modification treatments on the micromorphology, chemical structure, crystal phase structure, and functional properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microstructure of IDF in sweet potato leaves was altered by the different treatments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested no obvious changes in the chemical structure. Additionally, the specific surface areas of IDFs in sweet potato leaves before and after modification varied. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the positions of characteristic diffraction peaks were mostly unchanged before and after modification. The cation exchange capacity and total negative charge of IDFs increased by 0.31~2.86- and 0.75~2.88-fold, respectively. Acid-modified SIDF3 showed the highest water-holding, swelling, and glucose adsorption capacities, which were 0.34, 4.33, and 0.16~0.39-fold higher than those of unmodified SIDF1, respectively. The oil-holding capacity of enzyme-modified SIDF5 was the highest, 0.24-fold higher than that of unmodified SIDF1. The results demonstrated that the properties and functional properties of sweet potato leaves can be altered by different modification treatments, providing a basis for further application of insoluble dietary fibers in sweet potato leaves.

16 Structural Characteristics and Stability of Corn Peptide-iron Chelates

WU Hanshuo , REN Jie , ZHANG Xinxue , FU Shaowei , LI Shuguo , LIU Wenying

2024, 40(7):137-144. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0779

[Abstract](42) [HTML](2179) [PDF 2.68 M](2237)

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Corn peptide-iron chelates serve a dual purpose, enhancing the utilization of corn peptides while also offering a novel approach for the development of iron supplements. To examine the structural properties and thermal stability of corn peptide-iron chelates, samples of this compound were prepared from corn peptides and ferrous chloride. Following ultraviolet spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, the binding sites of the identified corn peptide fragments and ferrous ions were simulated by molecular docking. The stability of the corn peptide–iron chelate was observed at different temperatures and pH values, as well as under different in vitro digestion conditions. The results showed that the ultraviolet absorption peak changed. More specifically, the characteristic absorption peak shifted from 274.99 nm to 275.01 nm. Moreover, the corn peptide and corn peptide-iron chelate were compared and found to differ in a number of their pro perties. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed residual rates of 34.94% and 18.74% for corn chelate and peptide, respectively, while thermal stability of the corn peptide-iron chelate was found to be significantly higher that of the corn peptide. The binding energy levels of FSAASYPDLIDALP and LQQRQQLLNPL with Fe2+ were ‒50.50 and ‒48.61 kJ/mol, respectively, and the amino group of Asp8 (aspartic acid) was found to provide the ligand site. In addition, Pro7 (proline), Ser5 (serine), Tyr6 (tyrosine), and Leu7 (leucine) were found to bind to the ferrous ions to form hydrophobic interactions. The relative molecular masses were mostly below 1 000 u under the action of different temperatures. In addition, small peptides were more easily chelated and absorbed, and were stable under relatively alkaline conditions.

17 Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Flaxseed Soluble Dietary Fiber-Chitosan Composite Films by Response Surface Methodology

FENG Saisai , LIU Liping , LI Huanyang , ZHANG Liangliang , XU Jianguo

2024, 40(7):145-154. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0840

[Abstract](41) [HTML](2175) [PDF 9.22 M](2215)

Abstract:
Flaxseed soluble dietary fiber (fSDF), one of the main components of flaxseed meal, a by-product of flaxseed, exhibits film-forming ability. However, single-component fSDF film has poor mechanical properties. Based on this, the preparation parameters of fSDF-chitosan composite films were optimized using the response surface method to improve mechanical properties of the films. The fSDF, glycerol, acetic acid, and chitosan concentrations were used as variables in single-factor experiments. Except for the acetic acid concentration, the other three factors were adopted as variables in the response surface experiments. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the films were used as the response values. The results showed that the optimal parameters were 20.7 g/L of chitosan, 7.8 g/L of fSDF, 7.4 g/L of glycerol, and 12 g/L of acetic acid. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite film prepared with the optimal parameters were 26.14 MPa and 210.89% respectively. These results indicate conclusively that the composite film has markedly improved mechanical properties compared to the single-component film.

18 Purification, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins from Roselle

TIAN Meiling , CHEN Qinwen , LIU Binxiong , LI Changcheng , FANG Ting

2024, 40(7):155-165. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0805

[Abstract](43) [HTML](2204) [PDF 4.67 M](2233)

Abstract:
Roselle was used as a raw material for extracting anthocyanins. The anthocyanins were purified using Amberlite XAD-7 macroporous resin. Purified roselle anthocyanins (PRA) were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of PRA in vitro and in HepG2 cells was evaluated. The results showed that the anthocyanin content in PRA increased by 6.35-fold, reaching 175.27 mg/g. PRA contained five anthocyanins, of which delphinidin-3-sambubioside was the most abundant, accounting for 57.35% (m/m) of the total anthocyanins. PRA exhibited high antioxidant activity in vitro. The DPPH scavenging rate reached 90% when the PRA concentration was 0.23 mg/mL, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 97.85% at a PAR concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Additionally, PRA showed high intracellular antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 200 μg/mL PRA significantly reduced the H2O2-induced HepG2 intracellular reactive oxygen species level and nitric oxide content from 117.47% (taking the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence intensity of the control group as 100%) and 53.18 nmol/mL to 102.09% and 45.79 nmol/mL, respectively. PRA treatment significantly increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities from 18.19 and 10.10 U/mg prot to 35.05 and 19.38 U/mg prot, respectively. The main component of PRA anthocyanins was delphinidin-3-sambubioside, which exhibited strong antioxidant activity in vitro and anti-oxidative stress response effects in vivo. These results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value development and the potential health benefits of roselle anthocyanins.

19 Analysis of the Nutritional Components and Evaluation of the Processing Characteristics of Different Varieties of Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit

ZHENG Zifen , CHEN Xiaowei , ZOU Bo , YU Yuanshan , XIAO Gengsheng , MA Lukai

2024, 40(7):166-176. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0807

[Abstract](62) [HTML](2185) [PDF 2.33 M](2229)

Abstract:
In order to study the fruit quality characteristics of different varieties of Phyllanthus emblica L., a total of 8 varieties of Phyllanthus emblica L. from Guangdong and Guangxi provinces were selected as the research objects, and 31 indexes such as their appearance characteristics, active substances and nutritional components were determined. The varieties with good nutritional quality and processing characteristics were selected by the principal component analysis. The results showed that the fruit weight, and the contents of total sugars, total acids, total flavonoids, total phenols, ascorbic acid, organic acid and monomer phenol in different varieties of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit different significantly, but their juice yield and edible rate showed little difference. The six factors with characteristic values higher than 1 were extracted by the principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 96.95%. The factors affecting the first principal component were total acids, total phenols, malic acid and lactic acid; The factor affecting the second principal component were single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and pulp weight; The factor affecting the third principal component were tartaric acid, citric acid, and claritin acid. The cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 75.84%. Taking the 6 factors into consideration, “Zhi Sheng Miao” and “Ping Dan 1” varieties were suitable for the extraction of active substances, “Ling Shan 4”, “Bing Tian” and “Bo Li” varieties were suitable for processing into juice. The results of this study provided a reference for the selection of varieties suitable for fruit juice processing and extraction of active substances.

20 Antioxidant Activity and Stability of Flavonoids from Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata)

HE Siyi , JIANG Xinyuan , YANG Yingzhou , TANG Yulian , MI Conghui

2024, 40(7):177-183. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0852

[Abstract](52) [HTML](2180) [PDF 5.13 M](2225)

Abstract:
In this study, the flavonoids in Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) were extracted by the ultrasoundassisted water extraction method, and the antioxidant activity of flavonoids in the aqueous extract of Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) was investigated by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and the effects of different lighting, pH values, metal ions, oxidants, reducing agents and water-soluble macromolecules on the stability of flavonoids in the aqueous extract of Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) were investigated by UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the flavonoids had good antioxidant activity and could scavenge effectively DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals, with the IC50 values being 3.09 μg/mL and 1.43 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, respectively. Meanwhile, the flavonoids in the Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) underwent autoxidization during a long-term storage and light could promote the oxidation of the flavonoids in Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) to a certain extent. Alkaline conditions and reducing agents could destroy the molecular structures of the flavonoids in the Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata). The flavonoids in the Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) could easily form insoluble complexes with metal ions such as Cu2+ and Fe3+, thereby affecting the stability of flavonoids. Water-soluble macromolecules could protect the flavonoids in the Mei-tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) to a certain extent, to prevent their oxidation through avoiding contact with oxygen.

21 Optimization of the Purification Process of Yak Casein Phosphopeptide and Its Calcium Absorption-promoting Effect

LIU Jingya , WANG Ze , ZHENG Liang , LI Mimi , CHEN Lianhong

2024, 40(7):184-192. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0774

[Abstract](49) [HTML](64) [PDF 3.89 M](115)

Abstract:
To investigate the properties and calcium-holding capacity of yak casein phosphopeptide (CPP), this experiment was carried out using yak casein as the raw material, with trypsin being used for enzymatic hydrolysis. Static adsorption test was performed to determine the eluent, and the effects of sample amount, sample flow rate and eluent concentration on the purification process of CPP. The basic composition, functional properties, and in vitro inhibitory capacity against calcium phosphate and ferrous ion precipitation of purified CPP were examined. A low-calcium mouse model was established, and the ability of CPP to promote calcium absorption in mice was investigated using body weight, organ index, serum biochemical parameters, femur index, bone density and bone calcium as the indicators. The experimental results showed that the best purification effect on the CPP was obtained under the following conditions: 0.2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid as the eluent, 3 mL/min as the loading flow rate, and 100 mL as the loading volume, leading to a nitrogen to phosphorus molar ratio of 6.8, a phosphorus recovery of 95.5%, a glutamic acid content of 18.55% and a serine content of 6.01%. In vitro calcium promotion experiments showed that the purified CPP could effectively prevent the precipitation of calcium phosphate and ferrous ions. The results of animal experiments showed that after 28 d of feeding, the organ indices of all mice were within a reasonable range. After purification, CPP showed no chronic toxicity. The medium- and highdose groups had significantly higher blood calcium and phosphorus levels than those of the model group (P<0.05), and had extremely significantly lower alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values than those in the model group (P<0.01). The femoral bone index in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the calcium carbonate group (P<0.05). The bone calcium and bone density of the medium- and high-dose CPP groups were significantly higher than those of the model group (P<0.05). In conclusion, this experiment can provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional yak milk foods and a reference for the subsequent research on yak milk’s bioactive peptides.

22 Effect of Perilla Essential Oil and Ginger Juice on the Flavor of Grilled Wuchang Fish

HUANG Liqi , HU Chuanfeng , LU Yiting , LIU Xuan , WEI Lingyun , QIAO Yu , WANG Lan , WU Wenjing , SHI Liu

2024, 40(7):193-202. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0718

[Abstract](46) [HTML](78) [PDF 2.06 M](114)

Abstract:
In order to explore the effects of perilla and ginger juice as defishy agents on the flavor of grilled Wuchang fish, in this experiment, perilla essential oil and ginger juice were used to marinate Wuchang fish before being processed into samples with oven. The flavor substances were studied and analyzed through the examinations by instruments like electronic nose and electronic tongue, as well as the determination of volatile flavor components, free amino acids and flavor-active nucleotides. The results showed that the marinating with perilla essential oil and ginger juice could make the color, smell and taste of the grilled Wuchang fish showing great differences. Compared with the control group, perilla essential oil and ginger juice could reduce the formation of fishy odor substances and produce substances that could mask the fishy flavor, among which, the content of 1-octen-3-ol was reduced to 0.74 ng/g, and the contents of α-terpineol, linalool, campene, β-pinene and other spice substances increased, thereby making the flavor of the grilled Wuchang fish richer. The perilla & ginger juice grilled fish group had a content of the umami substance, GMP, as high as 87.75 mg/g, and a content of the bitter substance, HxR, as low as 4.49 mg/g, with its content of bitter amino acids being much lower than that of the other groups, and its EUC (monosodium glutamate equivalent) content being the highest (224.83 g•MSG/100 g). In summary, perilla essential oil and ginger juice can improve the flavor and taste of grilled Wuchang fish.

23 Aroma Composition Analysis and Quality Testing of Citri grandis Exocarpium Essential Oil

TAN An , CHEN Chusheng , MA Yuyin , WU Di , KAN Qixin , SONG Mingyue

2024, 40(7):203-210. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0266

[Abstract](50) [HTML](82) [PDF 2.10 M](135)

Abstract:
To clarify the volatile organic compounds in the essential oil of Citri grandis exocarpium, explore the key aroma components of the essential oil and establish the associated quality control standards, vapour distillation was used to extract the essential oil of Citri grandis exocarpium. Sensory evaluation, combined with electronic nose, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/O) analyses, was performed to clarify the key aroma components in Citri grandis exocarpium while assessing the pesticide residues. The results revealed that the main representative volatile flavors of Citri grandis exocarpium were found to be citrusy, sweet, medicinal, woody, and pungent, as determined via sensory evaluation. A total of 68 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in the essential oil of Citri grandis exocarpium by GC-MS, among which, the main VOCs, olefins, alcohols, and esters, accounted for 84.48%, 6.67%, and 6.05% of the total, respectively, with limonene, lauroylene and γ-pineole as the main VOCs. In combination with GC-MS/O, 15 key volatile characteristic aroma components were confirmed. In combination with the analysis of pesticide residues, it was clarified that the organochlorine pesticide residues in Citri grandis exocarpium essential oil under hydrodistillation extraction conformed to the standards specified in the Pharmacopoeia. The present study clearly elucidated the volatile organic composition and quality safety of the essential oil from Citri grandis exocarpium, which provides a reference for Citri grandis exocarpium product development and quality control.

24 Determination and Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Coffee Honey Using Different Chromatographic Columns

JING Jin , ZU Tiehong , SUN Huiyuan , GUAN Zhibin , JIA Guangqun , LI Adan , CUI Zongyan

2024, 40(7):211-218. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0762

[Abstract](33) [HTML](71) [PDF 2.55 M](114)

Abstract:
To investigate the volatile components of coffee honey and their profiling differences caused by different chromatographic columns, the volatile compounds of 19 batches of coffee honey were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the differences in the detected volatile compounds of coffee honey caused by DB-5MS and DM-Wax chromatographic columns were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 40 volatile compounds were detected in coffee honey, mainly including alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, etc. The compounds with higher contents were cis-Linalool-oxide, hotrienol, benzeneacetaldehyde and trans-linalool-oxide. A total of 40 volatile compounds were detected when the DM-Wax column was used, whilst only 30 volatile compounds were detected when the DB-5MS column was used. 16 and 10 alcohols were detected through using the two columns, respectively, and 2 acids were detected only when the DM-Wax column was used. In general, the DM-Wax chromatographic column exhibited a better retention effect on alcohols and acids. The results of this study can provide a reference for the selection of chromatographic columns in the determination of volatile components in coffee honey, while offering technical support for the study of coffee honey’s flavor and quality.

25 Analysis of the Volatile Components in Henan Traditional Watermelon Soybean Paste by HS-GC-MS

YUAN Guiying , LOU Fanghui , YANG Huihui , LIU Ningbo

2024, 40(7):219-226. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0799

[Abstract](36) [HTML](78) [PDF 2.15 M](125)

Abstract:
Taking the traditional fermented watermelon soybean paste from Henan as the research object, the volatile components of the paste were analyzed by HS-GC-MS. The effects of equilibrium temperature, equilibrium time, vibration frequency and the amount of sodium chloride on the volatile compounds were investigated by single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: equilibrium temperature, 90 ℃; equilibrium time, 50 min; vibration frequency, 6 times per second; no sodium chloride added. Under these conditions, 10 classes and 82 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in naturally fermented watermelon soybean paste, including 12 alcohols, 10 esters, 14 olefins, 6 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 4 ethers, 1 acid, 10 alkanes, 7 nitrogen-containing compounds and 10 other compounds. The relative contents of alkenes, aldehydes and alcohols were relatively high, accounting for 23.848%, 22.537% and 19.743%, respectively. The sum of these three kinds accounted for 66.12% of the total volatile components, followed by esters and ketones (accounting for 11.945% and 6.839%, respectively). It can be concluded that the top three kinds of compounds play a vital role in the characteristic flavor of Henan traditional watermelon soybean paste.

26 Simultaneous and Rapid Detection of Three Mycotoxins in Food and Medicine Homologous Materials by Fluorescent Nanoparticle-based Immunochromatography

HUO Bingfan , MA Biao , LI Jiali , MEI Qing , ZHOU Yuxin , ZHANG Mingzhou

2024, 40(7):227-235. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0933

[Abstract](37) [HTML](69) [PDF 4.31 M](131)

Abstract:
An ultra-sensitive lateral flow immunochromatography (LFIC) method based on europium nanoparticles (EuNPs) was established for the simultaneous and rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A(OTA) in medicine and food homologous materials. By optimizing the key parameters such as the mass concentration of the coated artificial antigen, immobilized line position of the coated artificial antigen, mass concentration of the coated goat antimouse IgG, buffer pH, and immunoreaction time, the developed method could achieve the ultrasensitive and simultaneous identification of three target mycotoxins in one sample after a simple sample pretreatment. This method demonstrated a high specificity and sensitivity. The visual limits of detection of the AFB1, ZEN, and OTA standards were 0.5, 4.0, and 2.0 ng/mL, respectively. Their linear ranges (IC10~IC90) were 0.03~4.61, 0.12~8.47, and 0.09~8.26 ng/mL, respectively. In the detection of mycotoxins in ginseng, astragalus, and angelica samples, the mean spiked recovery rates of the three types of analytes ranged from 90.02% to 109.39%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 8.50%. The coincidence rate between the actual sample and HPLC method was 100%. Therefore, the developed EuNP-LFIC method is suitable for the on-site rapid monitoring of mycotoxins such as AFB1, ZEN, and OTA in medicine and food homologous materials.

27 Detection and Safety Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Several Fermented Foods

ZENG Xin'an , YAN Bing , LI Xiaoqing , WANG Langhong , HAN Zhong , LI Jian

2024, 40(7):236-243. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0939

[Abstract](45) [HTML](78) [PDF 2.57 M](447)

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Biogenic amines are small molecules with many biological activities. These substances may cause adverse reactions in the human body by excessive ingestion. This study detected biogenic amines in fermented foods including edible paste, sauerkraut, cheese, and sufu using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and assessed their potential toxicity. Phenethylamine, humutine, histamine, and tyramine were the main bioamines in edible paste, and the total contents of biogenic amines ranged from 331.40~624.42 mg/kg. Among sufu products, the bioamine content in a few samples was higher (up to 2 355.32 mg/kg and 1 091.05 mg/kg, respectively). The bioamine content in sauerkraut and cheese was lower compared with edible pastes and sufu. The highest bioamine content in sauerkraut was sour bean with 126.65 mg/kg and the lowest was pickled lotus root with 22.32 mg/kg. Finally, the safety of biogenic amines caused by edible paste, sauerkraut, cheese, and sufu was analyzed in combination with the consumption scenario and hazard risk assessment based on the edible characteristics of fermented food and the toxicological properties of histamine and tyramine. The toxicity risk of bioamines caused by ingesting these foods was low. This article presents a crucial basis for consumers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the food safety of traditional fermented foods in our country.

28 Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products in Cangnan Based on Food Safety Index and Hazard Risk Coefficient Methods

WANG Xiaojin , CHEN Dewei , FU Gangyi , MA Tingting

2024, 40(7):244-253. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0715

[Abstract](37) [HTML](63) [PDF 1.98 M](568)

Abstract:
The risks associated with pesticide residues on agricultural products cultivated in Cangnan County were assessed from 2020 to 2022. These risk assessments were performed utilizing the Index of Food Safety (IFS) and by calculating Hazard Risk Coefficients (R). Pesticide residues in 24 of the 977 samples (2.46%) exceeded the established standard. A total of 60 pesticides were detected, with detection rates >10% for 14 pesticides. The overall I(—)F(—)S of agricultural products in Cangnan is 3.83×10-2, indicating an acceptable safety level. Comprehensive evaluation suggests that enrofloxacin, 6-benzylaminopurine, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt and gibberellin are associated with high risks, whereas carbendazim and bifenthrin pose moderate risks. SIC (Safe Intake of C) values were recalculated, yielding SI6-benzyladenine, SI4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt, and SIgibberellin values for mung bean sprouts of 4.14×10-5 mg/kg•bw, whereas the SIbifenthrin for tangerine is 4.14×10-5 mg/kg•bw. The agricultural products produced in Cangnan are generally safe to consume. The safety of samples with residue levels exceeding the standard according to the IFSC results are considered unacceptable, and are subject to comprehensive assessment. Based on the maximum acceptable IFSC value (1) and pesticide residue levels on examined agricultural products, the SIC values for different agricultural products were recalculated to provide a scientific basis for quality and safety monitoring of agricultural products. Regulatory authorities need to intensify the supervision of high- and moderate-risk pesticides such as enrofloxacin, to strengthen control at points of sale and use of prohibited pesticides, including 6-benzylaminopurine, and to increase farmers’ awareness of safe pesticide use.

29 Development of a High-throughput Detection Assay and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment for 44 Mycotoxins in Longan and Its Products

YIN Qingchun , CHEN Xiaomei , ZHOU Lingyu , CHEN Chunquan , GAO Yunkai , LI Bei , LIANG Chengmei , DENG Yinglin , DENG Hao

2024, 40(7):254-266. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0695

[Abstract](29) [HTML](79) [PDF 4.06 M](140)

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A high-throughput method based on UPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of 44 mycotoxins in longan and its products. The samples were extracted with 80% acetonitrile-water (V/V) solution containing 1% acetic acid, and purified by PSA and C18. A Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used for separation, with 0.2% FAacetonitrile and water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase for gradient elution. Quantification was performed using the internal standard method under MRM mode with positive and negative electropry ionization. Results showed that a good linear relationship was found for the 44 mycotoxins, with the correlation coefficients ≥ 0.990 41, the limit of detection ranging within 0.003~0.7 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification being 0.01~2.0 μg/kg. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.7%~9.7% (n=6), and the recoveries of the 44 mycotoxins at three spiking levels (low, intermediate and high levels) ranging within 70.7%~123.6%. The analyses of the 17 batches of longan and its products purchased from market revealed that the positive rate was 100%, with the concentrations of mycotoxins like 15-ADON, Fus X, PAT, TeA were relatively higher, indicating that they were the main contaminated mycotoxins during the growth, storage and processing processes of longan. Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to assess the dietary exposure risk The assessment results showed that the HQ values of 21 mycotoxins were 0~0.012 37, which were all lower than 1, indicating no risk and little threat to human health.

30 Determination of Lutein and Lutein Esters in Human Breast Milk

HUANG Qianqian , HE Xiaoling , DING Desheng , CAI Tian , CHEN Kewei

2024, 40(7):267-275. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0860

[Abstract](44) [HTML](81) [PDF 2.61 M](104)

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Lutein in human breast milk plays an important role in the development of vision and cognitive function in infants. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the composition and contents of lutein and lutein esters in human breast milk collected at different ages for giving childbirth and lactation stages. Finally, lutein and 16 lutein esters in human breast milk were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. A strong positive correlation was found between lutein and lutein esters contents in human breast milk (Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.721). The contents of lutein and lutein esters in human breast milk in the age-appropriate group (childbirth age<35 years) was similar to that of the older age group (childbirth age ≥ 35 years), and the difference between the two was insignificant (P>0.05), indicating that the age for giving childbirth had little effect on the contents of lutein and lutein esters in human breast milk. The contents of lutein and lutein esters decreased gradually with the extension of the lactation period, and the contents of both in colostrum were the highest, with the average content of lutein reaching 183.78 μg/L and the average content of lutein esters reaching 45.89 μg/L. There were 10, 14 and 6 kinds of lutein esters detected in the colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk, respectively, with the content of lutein palmitate-stearate being the highest throughout the whole lactation period, followed by lutein distearate. The research results can provide certain experimental and theoretical bases for the research of human milk composition and the research and development of infant formula foods.

31 Determination of Prostaglandin E2 in Pork and Lymph Nodes by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry

WANG Wei , WU Wanqin , JIANG Feng , ZHU Xiaoling , ZHANG Li

2024, 40(7):276-285. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0830

[Abstract](43) [HTML](69) [PDF 4.71 M](372)

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A method was developed for the determination of prostaglandin E2 in pork and lymph nodes based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, defatted with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane, cleaned up by HLB solid-phase extraction columns, and the eluates were blown to near-dryness with nitrogen at 45 ℃ and determined by re-solubilizing in a 50% acetonitrile solution containing 0.2% formic acid. The separation was conducted on a C18 column with 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile as mobile phases, and the multiple reaction monitoring was performed in negative ion mode. The limit of detection for prostaglandin E2 in pork and its products was 10 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 20 μg/kg. The recoveries of prostaglandin E2 in the method were in the range of 90~120%, and the precision was below 15.0%. The accuracy and precision of the method met the requirements for quantitative analysis. The values of prostaglandin E2 in non-lymph node samples were below the limit of quantification using the established method, and the range of prostaglandin E2 in lymph node samples was 20.7~101.0 μg/kg. By determining the amount of prostaglandin E2 in a sample, it can be used as an aid in identifying lymph nodes. This method is highly accurate and generalizable, and it provides strong technical support for combating the illegal use of lymph nodes.

32 Multi-residue Analysis and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Common Fungicides in Chinese Chives from Zhejiang Province

PAN Liying , YU Yijiang , YANG Guiling , DU Yuting , LI Jinling , WANG Qiang , PAN Daodong , WANG Dou , CHU Tianfen

2024, 40(7):286-295. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.1048

[Abstract](45) [HTML](80) [PDF 1.79 M](105)

Abstract:
To evaluate the residual level of fungicides and dietary exposure risk of Chinese chives in production bases and segments like markets in Zhejiang Province. The collection period was mainly from December 2020 to January 2021, and from August 2021 to November 2021. Thirty-nine fungicides in 213 Chinese chives samples collected in Zhejiang Province over the two consecutive years were detected and analyzed, and the risk of acute and chronic dietary exposure to the detected fungicides was assessed. There were 19 fungicides were detected, and the total detection rate was 48.83% (104 out of 213), among which the detection rates of procymidone (15.02%), carbendazim (13.15%), boscalid (13.15%), dimethomorph (11.74%), pyraclostrobin (11.27%) and chlorothalonil (10.80%) were relatively high. The samples with two or more pesticide residues accounted for 25.82% of the total samples (55 out of 213). The residue of pyrimethanil in one sample exceeded the maximum residue limit for bulb vegetables (3 mg/kg) set by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, with the overlimit rate being 0.47%, and the sample qualified rate reaching 99.53%. According to the current standard for procymidone GB 2763.1-2022 (5 mg/kg), none of the samples had the residue exceeding the standard. According to the original standard GB 2763-2021 (0.20 mg/kg), and the over-limit rate was 7.04% (15 out of 213). The acute and chronic risk ranges were 0.004%~5.546% and 0.000%~9.654%, respectively, both of which were lower than 1, thus the intake risk was at an acceptable level. The situation of pesticide residues in Chinese chivesis from Zhejiang Province was relatively serious, thus the management of the use of pesticides should be strengthened to ensure the safety of Chinese chives consumption.

33 Comparison of Three Methods for the Determination of Total Sugar Content in Cantonese Soy Sauce

HUANG Huadan , KAN Qixin , ZHANG Leyi , YUAN Ming , DENG Guangdie , CAO Yong , ZHANG Lingfen , DONG Xiutao , HE Liping

2024, 40(7):296-304. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0717

[Abstract](45) [HTML](73) [PDF 2.43 M](116)

Abstract:
In this study, the differences in the total sugar content of Cantonese soy sauce determined by three methods, the direct titration method, phenol-sulfuric method and anthrone-sulfuric acid method were compared, and the three methods were verified by the methodological approach, in order to screen out a suitable method for the determination of the total sugar content in the Cantonese soy sauce. The results showed that the direct titration method, phenol-sulfuric acid method and anthrone-sulfuric acid method had good linearity in the concentration range of 0.50~8.00 mg/mL, 0.00~0.08 mg/mL and 0.00~0.08 mg/mL, respectively, with their RSD values of the precision test being 1.07%, 0.05% and 0.05%, respectively, and their RSD values of the reproducibility test being 0.88%, 3.93% and 3.24%, respectively. The color developed was stable within 24 h for the direct titration, and within 1 h for both the phenol-sulfuric acid and anthrone-sulfuric acid methods. In the spike-recovery experiments, the anthrone-sulfuric acid method led to an average recovery of 168.04% with an RSD value of 2.97%, whilst the direct titration method resulted in an average recovery of 104.67% with an RSD value of 2.07%. The phenol-sulfuric acid method showed an average recovery of 103.85% but had a higher RSD value of 8.04%. The accuracy of the anthrone-sulfuric acid method was lower than the other two methods. Therefore, the direct titration method and the phenol-sulfuric acid method have good precision, reproducibility and stability, thus, both are theoretically feasible. The anthrone-sulfuric acid method is not suitable for the determination of total sugar content in Cantonese soy sauce. The total sugar content in soy sauce is one of the basic indicators to reflect the quality of soy sauce. Selecting a suitable detection method for the total sugar content in soy sauce is of great significance for the actual soy sauce production monitoring and product quality control during processing, and also provides a certain experimental reference for the development of the determination method standard for the total sugar content in soy sauce.

34 Advances in the Function and Synthesis Methods of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid

FANG Ke , WANG Junqing , XU Ziting , SU Jing , WANG Ruiming

2024, 40(7):305-312. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0823

[Abstract](64) [HTML](82) [PDF 1.72 M](127)

Abstract:
Royal jelly is a thick, milky white secretion from the palatine glands of young worker bees. As a natural bee product, it finds wide application in various fields, including food and health care products. One of the unique components of royal jelly is 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), a medium-chain unsaturated fatty acid. 10-HDA possesses several active functions, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, blood sugar regulation, blood lipid control, and antiradiation properties. The extraction of 10-HDA from royal jelly can be efficiently achieved through physical adsorption or organic solvent treatment. Additionally, 10-HDA can be synthesized by various chemical reactions using substances such as 8-hydroxyoctanal and 1,8-octanediol. In recent years, utilizing microorganisms for 10-HDA production has gained significant attention owing to its low cost and low pollution characteristics. This method has become a research hotspot. This article provides a summary of the physicochemical properties, physiological active functions, and different methods of 10-HAD production. Furthermore, it briefly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these production methods and highlights the existing problems and prospects to offer valuable reference and information for further in-depth research on 10-HDA.

35 Application of Curcumin in Food Packaging

WANG Qian , XUE Zhou , WANG Tao , WU Min , ZHOU Zhilong , YANG Jian

2024, 40(7):313-323. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0827

[Abstract](57) [HTML](76) [PDF 3.20 M](125)

Abstract:
Active food packaging can protect food from microbial contamination, whereas smart food packaging can be used to monitor food freshness and changes in its quality in real time. Curcumin, the main active substance of turmeric, exhibits preservation effects in part due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV blocking properties. Furthermore, it can act as a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species under radiation at specific wavelengths, thereby destroying bacterial cell membranes via an antibacterial effect. In addition, curcumin can also be used as a pH indicator to monitor and evaluate the deterioration of food in real time. In fact, this compound has been widely used in active and smart food packaging. In this study, the structure of curcumin, as well as its physical and chemical properties, were evaluated. The working mechanism of curcumin as an antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV blocking agent, as well as a photosensitizer and pH indicator in active and smart food active packaging, and the relevant research progress, are discussed. Suggestions for further research and development of curcumin in food packaging are also presented. Thus, this study provides a theoretical foundation for research on curcumin in food packaging in the future.

36 Research Progress on the Active Ingredients in and Applications of Lonicera caerulea L.

TAN Zhuoran , QIN Chongyuan , ZHANG Jingnan , PAN Yuqiao , LIN Jixiang , WANG Jinghong

2024, 40(7):324-333. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0802

[Abstract](92) [HTML](78) [PDF 2.03 M](162)

Abstract:
Lonicera caerulea L. is a nutrient-rich small berry that characteristically inhabits cold regions and is widely used in the food and health fields. However, the understanding of L. caerulea L. is limited, particularly concerning its nutritional characteristics and applications. This article summarizes existing research at home and abroad on the active ingredients as well as the health and food applications of L. caerulea L. The fruit is rich in active ingredients, specifically anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, terpenoids, amino acids, vitamins, and mineral elements and has health properties such as antioxidant, lipid-lowering, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-radiation, and thyroid protective activities. Furthermore, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is the main active ingredient of the plant. The applications of L. caerulea L. in fruit juice, fruit wine, freeze-dried powder, yogurt, and other food are also summarized. Finally, the need for further studies is discussed. Suggestions are made for cultivation, planting, processing, physiological research, and other aspects, considering the needs of the market and application potential. The goal of this article is to provide a scientific basis for research on the functional mechanisms of L. caerulea L. and development of its food and functional products.

37 Research Progress of Quality Improvement of Original Soy Sauce using Enzymes

CHENG Yuqin , CUI Chun , FENG Yunzi

2024, 40(7):334-342. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0760

[Abstract](54) [HTML](69) [PDF 1.85 M](118)

Abstract:
Soy sauce is a traditional Chinese condiment that is produced through fermentation by a variety of microorganisms, whose raw materials include soybean, wheat, and salt. Enzymes are effective means for enhancing the taste and flavor of soy sauce during microbial fermentation. The unique flavor of soy sauce is derived from the balance between flavor, aroma, and color. In the process of soy sauce fermentation, the proteins and starch in the raw materials are hydrolyzed into amino acids and sugars under the combined action of various enzymes. On the one hand, the chemical reactions between amino acids and sugars lead to the rich color of soy sauce. On the other hand, these enzymatic hydrolysates directly enhance the taste of soy sauce, as well as are further metabolized by a variety of microorganisms into various organic acids and aromatic compounds, resulting in a unique flavor and aroma. In addition, Aspergillus oryzae is an essential microorganism in soy sauce production, producing various enzymes for the decomposition of raw materials and playing a vital role in the fermentation of soy sauce. In this paper, the classification and sources of key enzymes in soy sauce fermentation and their applications in soy sauce are introduced in detail. The application progress of related microbial improvement technology and enzyme preparation in soy sauce fermentation are also discussed. Furthermore, existing problems and future development trends are presented. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for improving the quality of original soy sauce.

38 Research Progress on Preparation, Activity Analysis, and Structure-activity Relationship of Visceral Bioactive Peptides from Livestock and Poultry

ZHANG Yuting , NIU Zhanzhan , HUANG Yuqing , NING Yawei , YUAN Bohua , WANG Zhixin

2024, 40(7):343-352. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0749

[Abstract](50) [HTML](69) [PDF 1.75 M](115)

Abstract:
Livestock viscera is rich in protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals, and it has excellent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-aging effects. Moreover, it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world, although the utilization rate of livestock viscera resources is extremely low in China, which has caused a great waste of resources. Using livestock by-products to produce high-value-added products can reduce environmental pollution caused by improper disposal of waste and improve the comprehensive utilization value of by-products, which is beneficial to the sustainable utilization of livestock and poultry resources in China. Bioactive peptides are mainly derived from plants, animals, and microbiology, and they have many functions, such as lowering blood pressure and enhancing immunity, with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Bioactive peptides have broad application prospects in food, medicine, and health products. Currently, bioactive peptides are mainly obtained from dairy products and plant proteins; however, there are few reports on the study of poultry viscera as the raw material for bioactive peptide preparation, although a few researchers have studied the structure-activity relationship. In this paper, the methods of preparing bioactive peptides from livestock viscera are summarized. The activities and structure-activity relationships of antihypotensive peptides, antioxidant peptides, anti-inflammatory peptides, and antimicrobial peptides from livestock viscera were discussed. This study provides new ideas and methods for further research of bioactive peptides from livestock viscera, looks forward to existing technical problems, and showcases future research directions.

39 Plastic Degradation by Insects and Intestinal Microorganisms:Research Status and Mechanisms

LI Qingxiao

2024, 40(7):353-362. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0784

[Abstract](64) [HTML](76) [PDF 1.80 M](116)

Abstract:
The research status and mechanisms of insect and intestinal microorganism-based plastic degradation are reviewed herein. Based on the current research status and considering the influence of multiple factors in the degradation process, two main approaches for investigating plastic degradation have been proposed: (1) Insects with high plastic-degrading rates are screened from a collection of plastic-degrading insects, and plastic-degrading bacterial strains are isolated from their intestines. The isolated bacterial strains are enriched and formed into bacterial pellets, which are subsequently used to improve plastic degradation rates in conjunction with factors affecting plastic degradation such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pH, temperature, mechanical comminution, degradation substrate, and hydrophobicity altering substances; (2) Next-generation sequencing (NGS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) used in combination with omics fields, such as proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to investigate the key nodes and proteins of insect and intestinal microorganism-based plastic degradation. Additionally, the mechanisms by which enzymes are triggered during degradation, endocrine regulation during plastic ingestion, and cooperative degradation by heterogeneous microorganisms belonging to different genera are investigated. The findings of this review serve as a reference for the future development and application of insect and intestinal microorganism-based plastic degradation.

40 History and Safety of Ampelopsis grossedentata Consumption

ZHANG Diandian , GAO Jiadong , DAI Zhangyan , ZHANG Wenhu , ZHANG Yousheng , LIU Jun

2024, 40(7):363-368. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0289

[Abstract](43) [HTML](86) [PDF 1.70 M](115)

Abstract:
Ampelopsis grossedentata is a characteristic tea plant that has garnered attention in recent years in the southern provinces of China. Modern scientific research has confirmed its high levels of active compounds, including flavonoids and polysaccharides. Furthermore, this plant exhibits diverse functions, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects. Thus, A. grossedentata is a promising botanical in the prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic diseases. This article conducts a thorough literature review on the history and safety of A. grossedentata consumption, for which various perspectives on its industrial development and utilization are presented, with the aim of establishing a foundation for the rational use of this resource and to facilitate product development.

41 Research Progress on the Extraction and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Brown Algae

XU Bojie , YAN Peisheng

2024, 40(7):369-378. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0741

[Abstract](62) [HTML](79) [PDF 1.76 M](144)

Abstract:
Various types of natural marine products have excellent biological activities, which show great potential in the search for new therapeutic drugs and functional health care products. Brown algae are an economically important algae mainly cultivated in China and are also a good source of natural products. Polysaccharide are among the main active components of brown algae. Because of their complex compositions and structures, these polysaccharides possess a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-virus, and antidiabetic activities. Therefore, the extraction and biological activities of polysaccharides from brown algae have been widely examined in the field of development and utilization of marine biological resources. In this study, studies at home and abroad on the extraction methods and main biological activities of polysaccharides from brown algae in the past five years are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of various extraction methods are compared, and the biological functions and mechanisms of polysaccharides from brown algae are discussed. Possible influencing factors are analyzed, and current research on polysaccharides from brown algae is summarized to predict future research trends. This article provides a reference for promoting the production and application of polysaccharides from brown algae.

42 Advancements in Isomaltulose Research and Its Application in Food Processing

ZHOU Zeyu , KANG Songhao , CHE Huilian , SUN Lijuan , YE Lirong , WU Guangfeng

2024, 40(7):379-392. DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.7.0763

[Abstract](61) [HTML](75) [PDF 1.87 M](384)

Abstract:
As a functional substitute for sugar, isomaltulose has similar flavor, physical, and chemical properties as sucrose. Isomaltulose is stable in terms of acid resistance, microbial fermentation, and crystal structure, and has relatively low hygroscopicity and solubility, making it suitable for use in different food formulations. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated its safety and tolerability in subchronic toxicity, embryotoxicity, mutagenicity, and human studies. The production methods of isomaltulose domestically and internationally are predominantly consistent, utilizing reproducible immobilized microbial transformation or highly catalyzed immobilized enzymatic conversion, followed by purification through recrystallization. The resulting products can be quantitatively detected using high performance liquid chromatography. Isomaltulose has a low glycemic index, low caries potential, and relatively slow digestion and absorption. In addition, it improves insulin responses, prebiotic properties, and regulates the intestinal flora. Extensive research has been conducted on the practical utilization of isomaltulose in foods for special medical purposes (FSMP), children’s foods, general foods (including dairy products and cereal products), and nutritional sports foods. This study evaluates current regulatory policies and integrates their findings to propose recommendations for re-evaluating the dual identity of isomaltulose in its application as a food additives and as a potential new food ingredient.

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Volume 40,Issue 7,2024 Table of Contents