Optimizing the Subcritical Extraction Process of Amber Essential Oil and Analysis of Its Functional Activity
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Abstract:
Subcritical fluid extraction of amber essential oil was conducted using amber as the raw material. The extraction process was optimized using extraction yield as the metric. The extracted amber essential oil was subjected to GCMS analysis to determine the major chemical components and their relative contents, and also subjected to in vitro antioxidant analysis and tyrosinase inhibition tests. The results show that the optimal process conditions were a liquid-to-material ratio of 2.1:1 (mL:g), an extraction temperature of 58 ℃ , and an extraction duration of 51 min, which led to an extraction yield of 1.61%. The GC-MS analysis revealed that 40 peaks were isolated from the amber essential oil, with 30 compounds being identified. Among them, monoterpenes were the most abundant compounds, mainly comprising cymene (29.39%), (-)-borneol (18.02%), fenchol (8.46%), (-)-camphor (7.12%), and eucalyptol (6.40%), which are the main contributors to the unique aroma of amber essential oil. The amber essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 12.66 mg/mL and 2.91 mg/mL for the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, respectively. The inhibition of tyrosinase by amber essential oil is noncompetitive, with an IC50 value of 1.13 mg/mL, and its whitening activity is higher than that of arbutin at the same concentration.
