Structural Characteristics of the Polysaccharides Isolated from the Fruiting Bodies of Grifola frondosa and Their Effects on Improving Exercise Endurance in Mice
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Abstract:
The structural characteristics of polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa (GFP) and their effects on exercise endurance in a mouse model were assessed. The crude polysaccharides of G. frondosa were obtained by ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. The crude polysaccharides were separated with a DE-52 column and purified using a Sephadex G-100 column. Thereafter, scanning electron microscopy was employed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of GFP. Meanwhile, molecular weight of GFP was analyzed by HPGPC, and the glycosidic bond configuration was determined by infrared spectroscopy. Finally, the monosaccharide composition was determined by HPLC. A mouse model for exhaustive swimming and rotarod fatigue was established. The hepatic glycogen (HG), muscle glycogen (MG), and serum biochemical indices of the mice were evaluated to assess the effects of GFP on exercise endurance. Three polysaccharide components were separated following GFP purification; GFP-A1 was most abundant with a 62.98% yield. GFP-A1 had an average molecular weight of 18 374 u, and anomeric carbon was in α configuration. Moreover, it comprised rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and fucose at a molar ratio of 1:10.52:11.38:18.67. The mouse model revealed that compared with the CK group, the groups treated with low-, medium-, or high-dose GFP-A1 exhibited significantly longer exercise in the exhaustive swimming and rotarod fatigue tests (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the HG and MG contents, as well as the SOD activity were markedly increased in the GFP-A1-treated groups (P<0.05), whereas the blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). These results indicate that GFP-A1 can significantly improve the exercise endurance of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of Grifola frondose-derived polysaccharides, which are believed to have broad application potential in sports nutrition.
