Comparison of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Gardenia Fruit Oils Obtained by Various Methods
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Abstract:
Three types of oil samples were obtained from gardenia fruit using n-hexane extraction, subcritical low-temperature butane extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, respectively. The effect of the three extraction methods on the oil quality was investigated by comparing the main physicochemical indices, fatty acid composition, phytosterol content, oryzanol content, vitamin E content, and oxidative rancidity time. The results showed that the peroxide values, acid values, saponification values, and iodine values of the three gardenia fruit oils ranged between 9.38~17.30 mmol/kg, 4.06~14.28 mg KOH/g, 186.07~198.91 mgKOH/g, and 116.43~130.16 g I2/100 g, respectively. The results of gas chromatography (GC) suggested that the main fatty acids present in the samples were linoleic acid, oleic acid, and other unsaturated fatty acids, and their relative contents accounted for 76.04~78.00% of the total content of phytocompounds present in the oils. The contents of phytosterol and vitamin E in gardenia fruit oils ranged between 0.85~3.48% and 17.06~29.80 mg/100 g, respectively. The gardenia fruit oil obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction showed the best color quality and the lowest amount of solvent residue, but the highest acid value. The oil extracted by n-hexane had the highest phytosterol content and a relatively good antioxidant activity. The oil obtained from subcritical butane-extraction had the lowest acid value and the highest content of vitamin E. This study reveals a theoretical basis for the selection of extraction and refining methods of gardenia fruit oils, and shows a certain value on application.
