A Review of the Bioactive Components and Biological Activities of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (Jujube) Fruits
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Abstract:
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit belonging to the Ramnaceous family ranked first in dried fruit production and seventh in fresh fruit production. Its fruit is consumed as the homology of medicine and food. Medical studies show various biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal protective, immunostimulating, anti-anxiety, anti-obesity, and anti-bacteria properties. Current studies of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. have focused on the separation of its chemical components, as well as their structural identification, content determination, and biological activities. The analysis of chemical components have revealed that jujube fruits contain polysaccharides, phenolic acid, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, nucleobases, carotenes, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and volatile oils. Among them, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cyclic nucleotides are the main biologically active components of jujube fruits. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. polysaccharides exhibit hepatoprotective and immunostimulating effects; ascorbic and phenolic acids, and flavonoids are the main antioxidant components; and triterpenoids are the main anticancer components of jujube fruits.
