该研究利用高通量测序技术对采集自内蒙古阿拉善的15份白绒山羊奶及其乳制品样本进行细菌多样性分析。结果表明，其中细菌多样性和丰富度均存在显著差异（P<0.05），山羊奶加工成传统乳制品后优势菌门和优势菌属发生明显变化，并且还有很多未被明确分类的细菌属。同时，Enterobacter（肠杆菌属）、Enterococcus（肠球菌属）、Raoultella及Pseudomona（s假单胞菌属）等食源性致病菌属相对丰度在乳制品中骤然下降。在OTU水平，Shurmeg（奶酪）细菌物种组成最丰富，同时，独有细菌物种也为最多。经PICRUSt2软件预测细菌基因功能可知，山羊奶及其乳制品中细菌的主要代谢基因功能为Global and Overview Maps、碳水化合物代谢（Carbohydrate Metabolism）及氨基酸代谢（Amino Acid Metabolism）等。综上所述，该研究结果不仅对内蒙古阿拉善白绒山羊奶及其乳制品中细菌多样性确定充分的认识，而且为山羊奶及其乳制品中细菌菌群的比较、功能基因的预测及安全性评价提供依据。

High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze bacterial diversity in 15 samples of white cashmere goat milk and its dairy products collected from Alxa, Inner Mongolia. The samples differed significantly in bacterial diversity and richness (P<0.05). Processing goat milk into traditional dairy products greatly alters the dominant bacterial phyla and genera and introduces many unclassified bacteria. Additionally, the relative abundances of foodborne pathogens, including Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Raoultella, and Pseudomonas, were greatly reduced in the traditional dairy products. At the operational taxonomic unit level, Shurmeg had the richest composition of bacterial species and the highest number of unique bacterial species. According to PICRUSt2-based prediction of gene function, the main metabolic gene functions of bacteria in goat milk and its dairy products included global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The results of this study clarify the bacterial diversity in white cashmere goat milk and its dairy products collected in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, providing a basis for comparison of bacterial microbiota, prediction of functional genes, and safety evaluation of goat milk and its dairy products.

国家自然科学基金项目（32360570）；内蒙古自治区科技计划重大专项项目（2020CG0012）