金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制及其耐药性检测方法研究进展

Current Advances in Research on the Mechanisms and Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance

摘要:

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的食源性致病菌，可产生多种肠毒素，容易引起食物中毒事件。近年来，随着抗生素广泛使用，食品源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性问题十分严重，耐药率持续升高，多重耐药菌株出现（如MRSA），尤其是在畜禽以及水产等养殖业中，倍受全球关注。理清金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制，针对性开发相应的耐药性检测方法，成为了科学研究中的“重中之重”。目前，金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药机制研究较为深入，大部分抗生素的耐药机制基本明确，主要分为三大类：抗生素灭活、抗生素外排作用及核糖体保护作用。为能快速准确获得其耐药表型及耐药性相关分子特征等，更好地挖掘耐药新基因，探索金黄色葡萄球菌耐药新机制，开发了传统检测耐药表型、靶向检测相关基因及其表达水平以及基于生物信息学分析技术结合菌株的组学信息预测菌株耐药性等多种耐药性检测或预测方法。该综述将针对金黄色葡萄球菌现普遍存在的耐药机制及其耐药性检测方法等进行详细阐述。

Abstract:

Staphylococcus aureus is an emerging foodborne pathogen implicated in a substantial number of cases of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), primarily due to its ability to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recently, due to the rising use of antibiotics, there have been increases in the frequency and severity of foodborne S. aureus drug resistance. Furthermore, there has been a rise in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, particularly in livestock and poultry production, as well as in aquaculture; this has garnered considerable attention and raised widespread concern globally. Therefore, it is particularly important to elucidate the underlying drug resistance mechanisms and develop effective methods for detecting drug resistance in S. aureus. To date, extensive research has been conducted on the drug resistance mechanisms of S. aureus, with clear descriptions provided for most of these, which can be divided into three types, namely, the inactivation of antibiotics, efflux pumps, and ribosomal protection. To rapidly and accurately determine the drug resistance phenotypes and related molecular characteristics of S. aureus, as well as to enhance the identification of new resistance genes and examination of new resistance mechanisms, a range of methods for resistance detection or prediction have been developed. These include traditional methods for detecting resistance phenotypes, targeted detection of related genes and their expression levels, and bioinformatics-based approaches that use omics data from strains to predict resistance. In this review, several common mechanisms underlying S. aureus drug resistance are described, followed by an evaluation of existing approaches.