柑橘精油成分分析及对灰葡萄孢菌的抑制作用

Analysis of Components in Citrus Essential Oils and Their Anti-fungal Effects against Botrytis cinerea

摘要:

该研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法和有机试剂浸提法提取温州特早熟蜜橘橘皮精油，利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术分析橘皮精油组成成分。以从福州周边果园收集草莓病果分离所得灰葡萄孢为研究对象，研究两种精油抑菌性能。结果显示：蒸馏油共鉴定出39种成分，醛类6种，烯萜类20种，醇类9种，酯类2种，酮类1种，有机酸1种；浸提法精油共鉴定出25种成分，烯萜类20种，醇类3种，烷烃类2种。柠檬烯为精油主要成分，水蒸气蒸馏法含量为82.37%，浸提法含量为85.25%。其次为γ-松油烯（7.78%，6.08%）、β-月桂烯（2.56%，2.06%）、α-蒎烯（1.35%，1.04%）。两种精油对灰葡萄孢最低抑菌体积分数分别为2.5%和5%。体外抑菌实验表明，精油能够通过对灰葡萄孢的菌丝、生长量、孢子萌发率、细胞透过性，诱导细胞死亡。草莓抑菌实验表明柑橘精油能够抑制灰葡萄孢在草莓果实上的生长，减缓果实的腐烂进程。其中，蒸馏油优于浸提油的抑菌效果。

Abstract:

Citrus essential oils were separately extracted from the peel of the Wenzhou extra-early-maturing mandarin orange by steam distillation and organic solvent extraction. Components of the orange peel essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal performance of the steam-distilled and solvent-extracted essential oils against Botrytis cinerea isolated from diseased strawberry fruits collected from orchards around Fuzhou city was investigated. The results indicated that a total of 39 components were identified in the steam-distilled essential oils: six aldehydes, 20 terpenes, nine alcohols, two esters, one ketone, and one organic acid; 25 components were identified in the solvent-extracted essential oils: 20 terpenes, three alcohols, and two alkanes. Limonene showed the highest contents in both essential oils, with contents of 82.37% and 85.25% in the steam-distilled and solvent-extracted essential oils, respectively, followed by γ-terpinene (7.78% and 6.08%, respectively), β-myrcene (2.56% and 2.06%, respectively), and α-pinene (1.35% and 1.04%, respectively). The minimum inhibitory volume fractions of the steam-distilled and solvent-extracted essential oils against B. cinerea were 2.5% and 5%, respectively. Results of an in vitro antifungal experiment showed that the essential oils induced cell death by suppressing the growth of B. cinerea hyphae and reducing the mycelial biomass, spore germination rate, and cell permeability of B. cinerea. An antifungal activity experiment performed using strawberries further demonstrated that the citrus essential oils inhibited the growth of B. cinerea on strawberry fruits and delayed fruit decay; the steam-distilled essential oils exhibited better antifungal effects than the solvent-extracted essential oils.