食品安全与人类健康息息相关。重金属污染已成为食品安全领域的突出问题，为保证食品安全，构建快速、廉价和可推广的食品重金属污染检测方法显得尤为重要。近年来，以功能核酸为基础的生物传感及分析技术引起了广泛关注。核酶和核酸适配体等功能核酸作为一种新型的生物识别分子，可实现对金属离子的特异性识别，在构建高灵敏、高选择性的食品重金属分析检测平台方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了功能核酸在重金属（铅、汞和镉）污染检测领域的应用进展，重点介绍了由功能核酸构建的荧光传感器和比色传感器，及功能核酸与纳米粒子复合构建的核酸纳米传感器。此外，考虑到食品重金属离子检测所涉及的区域范围广、样品数量多等问题，本文突出了功能核酸与微流控技术及便携检测设备整合的检测平台，为临场的食品重金属污染分析提供思路。

Food safety is closely related to human health. Heavy metal pollution has become a prominent problem in the field of food safety. In order to ensure food safety, it is extremely important to develop a fast, cheap and popular method for detecting heavy metal pollution in food. In recent years, biosensing and analysis technologies based on functional nucleic acids have attracted widespread attention. Functional nucleic acids such as ribozymes and nucleic acid aptamers as a new type of biological recognition molecules can realize the specific recognition of metal ions, and have the potential to be used for constructing a highly sensitive and selective analysis and detection platform for heavy metals in food. This article reviews the progress of applying functional nucleic acids in the detection of polluted heavy metals such as lead ion (Pb2+), mercury ion (Hg2+) and cadmium ion (Cd2+), with the focus on the fluorescent sensor and colorimetric sensor constructed by functional nucleic acid(s) as well as the nucleic acid nanosensor constructed by the composite of functional nucleic acid(s) and nanoparticles. In addition, considering the broad scope and large number of samples involved in the detection of heavy metal ions in food, this article highlights a detection platform integrating functional nucleic acids with microfluidic technology and portable detection equipment to provide ideas for on-site analysis of food heavy metal contamination.

国家自然科学基金项目（22074100；21804095）；四川大学实验技术项目（SCU201130）