虾蟹壳中甲壳素绿色提取技术研究进展

Green Extraction Technology of Chitin from Shrimp Shells and Crab Shells: a Review

摘要:

甲壳素的提取需经脱除蛋白质、矿物质、脂质和色素等工艺，酸碱法有成本高、环境危害等缺点，微生物发酵、酶法或基因工程等生物法绿色提取技术亟待研究。本文综述以虾蟹壳为原料，由传统化学法、生物法绿色提取技术的进展；分析微生物发酵、酶法及基因工程等生物法的优缺点，微生物生物转化及酶处理利用发酵产生的有机酸和蛋白酶，经济有效易实现大规模生产，提出微生物发酵法提取甲壳素具有产业化潜力；最后对遗传操作和代谢工程在近几年的进展也进行了讨论。以生物法绿色提取技术生产甲壳素既具备环境友好又具备高效性，具有重要的发展前景。

Abstract:

Chitin extraction requires the removal of proteins, minerals, lipids and pigments. Traditional methods have the disadvantages of high cost, environmental degradation. The method of extracting chitin by biological methods such as microbial fermentation, enzymatic or genetic engineering needs to be developed. The progresses of green extraction techniques such as chemical methods and biological methods using shrimp and crab shells as raw materials were reviewed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of biological methods such as microbial fermentation, enzymatic method and genetic engineering were analyzed, and the extraction of chitin from microbial fermentation was discussed. Microbial biotransformation and enzyme treatment utilize organic acids and proteases produced by fermentation, which are economical and efficient and easy to achieve large-scale production. It was proposed that the extraction of chitin by microbial fermentation has industrial potential. Finally, the progress of genetic manipulation and metabolic engineering in recent years was also expected. Therefore, the production of chitin by biological green extraction technology is environmentally friendly and efficient, and has important development prospects.