枣果实中生物活性成分与生物活性的研究进展

A Review of the Bioactive Components and Biological Activities of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (Jujube) Fruits

摘要:

枣 (Zizyphus jujuba Mill)属于鼠李科枣属，是我国第一大干果树种和第七大果树，其果实是一种药食两用同源食品。枣果具有多种生物活性，包括抗癌、抗氧化、抗炎、护肝、免疫刺激、护肠、抗焦虑、防止肥胖、抑菌等特性。目前的研究主要集中在枣果化学成分分离、结构鉴定、含量测定以及生物活性等方面。化学成分研究结果表明枣果中主要有多糖、酚酸、黄酮、萜类化合物、核苷和核苷碱基、生物碱、胡萝卜素、α-生育酚、维生素C、挥发油类化合物等多种有益成分，其中多糖、黄酮、酚酸、萜类化合物和环核苷酸是枣果中主要功能性成分。多糖是枣果发挥护肝和免疫刺激作用的物质基础；维生素C、酚酸和黄酮类化合物是枣果中主要的抗氧化物质；三萜类化合物是枣果中主要的抗癌活性成分。

Abstract:

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit belonging to the Ramnaceous family ranked first in dried fruit production and seventh in fresh fruit production. Its fruit is consumed as the homology of medicine and food. Medical studies show various biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal protective, immunostimulating, anti-anxiety, anti-obesity, and anti-bacteria properties. Current studies of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. have focused on the separation of its chemical components, as well as their structural identification, content determination, and biological activities. The analysis of chemical components have revealed that jujube fruits contain polysaccharides, phenolic acid, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, nucleobases, carotenes, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and volatile oils. Among them, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cyclic nucleotides are the main biologically active components of jujube fruits. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. polysaccharides exhibit hepatoprotective and immunostimulating effects; ascorbic and phenolic acids, and flavonoids are the main antioxidant components; and triterpenoids are the main anticancer components of jujube fruits.